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A recent study was published on pencil grasp, legibility and muscle activation. The researchers evaluated differences in the handwriting characteristics of thirty-four 18-22-year-old subjects when using the four primary handwriting grip styles: dynamic quadrupod, dynamic tripod, lateral quadrupod, and lateral tripod.

All of the participants completed three protocols involving tests of handwriting legibility on paper. Consistency and metric testing were performed using surface electromyography (EMG) to measure the activity of 6 muscles involved while handwriting on a digital writing tablet to measure stroke duration, length, velocity, and pen pressure.

Each individual used each of the four grip styles with all protocols, and scores were normalized to their native grip scores.

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